1. Patients with acutely life-threatening cardiopulmonary diseases had less variability in facial expressions than those with less serious illnesses.
2. Variability in the surprise expression had the highest degree of difference between these two populations of patients.
Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)
Study Rundown: Clinical gestalt, or the ability to set pre-test probability from internal references of experience, is an important aspect of clinical decision making. Clinicians frequently ask the question, does the patient look sick? However, variability in clinician experience and lack of transparency in using gestalt to construct these pre-test probabilities can be problematic. In order to give a more concrete justification for this practice, 50 emergency department patients with chest pain and shortness of breath were shown pictures meant to evoke an emotional response. Three expressions, surprise, smiling, and frowning were assessed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). It was found that expression variability of disease-positive (+) patients, those with life threatening cardiopulmonary disease, was significantly less than those that were disease-negative (-). Decreased variability in surprise was most likely to predict whether a patient had a life-threatening disease.
The major weakness of this study is its small sample size, though this is not unexpected for a pilot project. Further, the use of facial expression variability as a predictive tool was weakened by overlap of FACS values in Disease+ and Disease- groups. Finally, only two of the three facial expressions, surprise and frowning, were significantly different between the Disease+ and Disease- groups. While this study was unable to give conclusive evidence establishing a link between cardiopulmonary disease severity and facial expression variability, it does begin to explain how this process may be utilized by clinicians and give empirical data supporting clinical gestalt.
Click to read the study, published in today in BMJ
Relevant Reading: Clinician Gestalt Estimate of Pretest Probability for Acute Coronary Syndrome and Pulmonary Embolism in Patients With Chest Pain and Dyspnea
In-Depth [prospective study]: This study sought to prove the association between clinical gestalt and the diagnosis of life-threatening disease. A convenience sample of 50 patients was enrolled from an ED in an urban setting from May to September 2011. All patients had chief complaints of both dyspnea and chest pain. Exclusion criteria were known diagnosis, inability to consent, intoxication, altered mental status, visual impairment, dementia, or preclusion to follow-up. FACS analysis was used to document changes in facial action units as well as intensity of appearance on a five point scale. It was carried out by two observers who analyzed video data of three facial expressions, surprise, frowning, and smiling, in response to three pictures shown to the patients for 10 seconds each. Each patient had a CT Pulmonary Angiogram, and the results from this test and a fourteen day follow-up were used to categorize the patients into Disease+ and Disease- groups. Disease+ patients were defined as having life-threatening illness that was not an exacerbation of a pre-existing condition such as atrial fibrillation, existing lung disease, or heart failure. Ability of facial variability score to predict disease was done by estimating area under the receive operating characteristic (ROC) curve. 16% of patients were Disease+ and had a median facial expression score over all three pictures of 13.5, which was significantly less than 27.5 for Disease- patients. Area under the curve analysis of ROC curve showed significance for surprise (p = 0.033) and frowning (p = 0.022) but not smiling (p = 0.12).
Image: PD
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