Common therapeutic target for heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension: the carotid body and sympathetic regulation
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1. Patients with heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension demonstrate increased chemosensitivity in the carotid body, contributing to increased sympathetic activation.
2. Degree of autonomic dysregulation correlated with functional status and mortality.
3. In animal and human models, removal of the carotid body “reset” the sympathetic activation and improved vascular tone.
Primer: The carotid body, a highly vascular organ at the bifurcation of the common carotid arteries, can be conceptualized as a “sympathetic thermostat” of the human body. Through chemoreceptors that sense levels of hypoxia, CO2 concentration, blood glucose, and perfusion, the carotid body sends afferent signals to the nucleus tractus solitarius and rostral ventrolateral medulla oblongata that mediate sympathoactivation throughout the body. The downstream effects of increased sympathetic tone are decreased perfusion to the kidneys, activating the renin-angiotensin system leading to fluid retention, increased vascular tone via contraction of smooth muscles in blood vessels, and increased minute ventilation via increased respiratory drive.
In heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension, the chemoreceptors of the carotid body are chronically activated and become hyperactive at baseline. In this way, the sympathetic thermostat is “reset.” This new equilibrium is maladaptive, leading to chronic volume overload, vasoconstriction, dyspnea, and exercise intolerance.
Surgery removing the carotid body to correct this disequilibrium has been performed since the 1940s. Recently autonomic targets have become an area of interest again, with procedures such as deep brain stimulation, renal denervation, and direct stimulation of the vagus nerve joining the arsenal of approaches.
This [basic science article]: discusses several recent experiments. Notable findings among them:
Interrupting afferent nerves of the carotid body resulted in significant blood pressure reduction in both developing and adult spontaneously hypertensive rats but no changes of pressure in normotensive animals. (Read more: Hypertension is critically dependent on the carotid body input in the spontaneously hypertensive rat)
Among patients in heart failure with the same left ventricular ejection fraction, patients with increased chemosensitivity were more symptomatic by New York Health Association class. They also had higher brain natriuretic peptides, more prevalent Cheyne-Stokes respirations, more ventricular arrythmias, and a four-year survival of 49% compared to 100% for patients with normal chemosensitivity. (Read more: Peripheral Chemoreceptor Hypersensitivity: An Ominous Sign in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure)
Approximately 15000 carotid body removals and denervations have been performed, 5600 of whose results and complications have been published. Overall frequency of adverse events (hypotension, headache, hemiparesis, hypoglossus paresis, vessel injury) was <3%.
In sum: Removing the carotid body shows promise in ameliorating sympathetic overdrive, a common contributor to disease in heart failure, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension.
Click to read the article in Hypertension
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By [GS] and [AH]
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Gina Siddiqui: Gina is a 3rd year M.D. candidate at the University of Pennsylvania.
Allen Ho: Allen is a 4th year M.D. candidate at Harvard Medical School.
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