1. In a prospective study of 97 patients with ischemic stroke who received intravenous tissue plasminogen inhibitor (tPA) and endovascular therapy, revascularization within 2.5 hours of symptom presentation was associated with high levels of future functional independence.
2. The likelihood of functional independence after treatment was reduced by 10% for a 60-minute delay to treatment beyond the 2.5 hour window, and 20% for each additional hour thereafter.
Evidence Rating Level: 2 (Good)
Study Rundown: Ischemic stroke is the second most common cause of mortality worldwide with an incidence of over 500,000 per year in the United States alone. The use of mechanical clot retrieval in patients with ischemic stroke has previously demonstrated a dramatic improvement in efficacy over intravenous thrombolysis alone in randomized trials, however early trials were less definitive. This was thought to be due to long median times to treatment, secondary to delays in the workflow process, such as initial workup, image acquisition, and delivery of patients to angiography throughout this time-sensitive disease process. The purpose of this prospective trial was to evaluate the effectiveness of endovascular revascularization enhanced with an intensive program of workflow acceleration.
Endovascular treatment using a stent-retreiver device was performed in 97 patients who presented to the emergency department (ED) with an ischemic stroke and employed a continuous quality improvement program to monitor and improve mechanical clot retrieval workflow. At the conclusion of the trial, patients who underwent endovascular clot retrieval within 150 minutes of symptom presentation demonstrated a greater than 90% chance of returning to functional independence, as determined by a 90-day post-stroke evaluation and perfusion imaging. The first 60-minute delay after this initial 150 minute (2.5 hour) window demonstrated a 10% reduction in the probability of returning to functional independence, and each 60-minute delay thereafter further reduced that probability by 20%. Patients who initially presented to facilities capable of endovascular treatment demonstrated an approximately 100 minute faster time to reperfusion than patients who presented to surrounding facilities incapable of endovascular therapy. The results of this trial highlight the importance of timely reperfusion in preventing significant morbidity associated with ischemic stroke, and the importance of quality improvement programs in reducing the time to procedure initiation.
Click to read the study in Radiology
In-Depth [prospective cohort]: This study is a subgroup analysis of the Solitaire with the Intention for Thrombectomy as Primary Endovascular Treatment for Acute Ischemic Stroke (SWIFT PRIME) study. This was a multinational, multicenter prospective trial of 196 patients who presented with an ischemic stroke. This study analyzed the treatment workflow of 97 patients who received both tPA as well as endovascular revascularization using a stent-retriever device. Key time intervals recorded were time of symptom onset to arrival at ED, arrival at ED to start of imaging, start of imaging to imaging acquisition, image acquisition to acquisition of post-processing penumbral map, image acquisition to groin puncture, and groin puncture to reperfusion. A centralized quality improvement team analyzed the workflow data from each patient and offered suggestions for potential workflow improvements. The probability of functional independence was predicted by the modified Rankin score at 90 days. At the conclusion of the trial, the median time of arrival to ED to groin puncture, and onset of symptoms to reperfusion was 90 minutes (IQR: 69 to 120 minutes) and 129 minutes (IQR: 108 to 169 minutes), respectively. Multivariable regression analysis demonstrate that a symptom onset to reperfusion time of 150 minutes is associated with a 91% estimated probability of functional independence. The probability of functional independence decreases by 10% in the subsequent 60 minutes of delay and another 20% for every hour thereafter. Patients who presented to a center with mechanical clot retrieval capabilities were associated with a significantly decreased time from symptom presentation to groin puncture as compared to patients who presented to a local referral center (179.5 versus 275 minutes; p < 0.001).
Image: CC/Wiki/Martin Hasselblatt MD
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