The Classics Series™ | The Classics in Medicine™: Summaries of the Landmark Trials: Online Edition | All Specialties
The Classics Series™ by 2 Minute Medicine is the original and most comprehensive collection of journal landmark trials, summarized by doctors. Since 2012, we have been curating and summarizing the most impactful new and historical landmark trials. In the span of the last 35 years, the evolution from print to digital platforms has catalyzed an immense growth in medical literature. Addressing this surge, 2 Minute Medicine delivers an enhanced and authoritative compilation of physician-authored summaries, capturing the essence of more than 300 pivotal medical trials in this wiki, with continual updates. A deep understanding of these trials is paramount for every physician, healthcare professional, and trainee, as it lays the foundation for evidence-based clinical decisions made daily.
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Search 346 landmark trials, studies, scores and guidelines summarized by physicians. Filter by specialty, topic and decade, or type a trial name such as DOSE, NICE-SUGAR or STOP-IT.
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- Child-Pugh Score: Prognosis, Classification & Cirrhosis Staging in Chronic Liver DiseaseThe Child-Pugh score, derived from five clinical and lab measures (bilirubin, albumin, INR/prothrombin time, ascites, encephalopathy), is widely used to predict operative mortality and long-term prognosis in chronic…
- CLOTDalteparin versus warfarinDalteparin, a low-molecular-weight heparin, is superior to warfarin in preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism in the setting of malignancy.
- NICE-SUGARIntensive glycemic control harmful in the ICUIntensive glycemic control in critically ill patients significantly increases 90-day mortality when compared to conventional glycemic control.
- POISEPerioperative Metoprolol Reduces MI but Increases Stroke & MortalityIn adults undergoing noncardiac surgery, perioperative β-blocker therapy with extended-release metoprolol significantly reduced nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI) risk but increased stroke and all-cause mortality at 30…
- RE-LYDabigatran non-inferior to warfarin in preventing strokes in patients with atrial fibrillationHigh-dose dabigatran is superior to warfarin in the prevention of strokes in patients with atrial fibrillation, while low-dose dabigatran is non-inferior to warfarin in preventing strokes in this population
- RALESSpironolactone decreases all-cause mortality in heart failure patientsAdding 25 mg of spironolactone to standard therapy reduces all-cause mortality in heart failure patients with an ejection fraction <35%
- Wells DVT criteriaClinical prediction model for deep vein thrombosisThe Wells DVT criteria are a validated clinical model for estimating pre-test probability of DVT.
- ARISTOTLEApixaban vs warfarin in atrial fibrillationApixiban is superior to warfarin in preventing stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation
- COURAGEPCI does not improve mortality in medically optimized patients with stable coronary artery diseaseAddition of percutaneous cutaneous intervention (PCI) to optimal medical therapy for patients with stable coronary artery disease does not improve mortality or cardiovascular outcomes
- SPARCLAtorvastatin reduces risk of stroke in patients with recent stroke or transient ischemic attackIn patients with recent stroke or TIA, high-dose atorvastatin significantly reduces the risk of fatal stroke compared to placebo
- ACCOMPLISHACE inhibitors and calcium channel blockers for hypertensionBenazepril plus amlodipine offers the same effect at reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients as benazepril plus hydrochlorothiazide.
- ABCD2 ScorePredicting Early Stroke Risk After Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA)The ABCD2 score is a validated clinical tool that estimates the short-term risk of stroke following a transient ischemic attack (TIA), using five easily obtained patient factors: age, blood pressure, clinical features…
- TRICCRestrictive transfusion in intensive care does not increase mortalityUsing a restrictive transfusion strategy in critically ill patients did not significantly increase 30-day mortality when compared with a liberal transfusion strategy.
- NASCETCarotid endarterectomy for symptomatic stenosisCarotid endarterectomy, in addition to medical therapy, significantly reduces risk of major and fatal stroke in patients with symptomatic, high-grade (70-99%) carotid stenosis.
- PROVE ITHigh-dose statin regimen reduces mortality after ACSHigh-dose atorvastatin was associated with a 16% reduction in death or major cardiovascular events compared to standard pravastatin therapy following an acute coronary syndrome.
- HOPERamipril significantly reduces cardiovascular events in high-risk patients with normal ejection fractionsRamipril significantly reduces cardiovascular events including MI, stroke and death in high risk-patients in the absence of left ventricular dysfunction
- ONTARGETTelmisartan is non-inferior to ramipril in improving cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk populationsThe angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) telmisartan is non-inferior to the ACE-inhibitor rampiril in improving cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk populations
- RACE-IILenient vs. strict rate-control in atrial fibrillationLenient rate-control was found to be non-inferior to strict rate-control in managing patients with atrial fibrillation.
- CRESTStenting versus endarterectomy for carotid stenosisThe rate of stroke, myocardial infarction or death did not differ significantly between patients treated with carotid artery stenting compared to carotid endarterectomy.
- ARMALower tidal volume ventilation in ALI/ARDSThe trial was terminated early when the data demonstrated that lower tidal volume ventilator settings in ALI/ARDS patients led to a significant decrease in in-hospital mortality.
- The Lee index: Risk of perioperative cardiac eventsThe Lee index is a prospectively validated model that predicts the risk of a cardiac event in patients undergoing noncardiac surgery.
- SAFENormal saline vs. albumin for fluid resuscitationThere was no significant difference in 28-day mortality when comparing albumin and normal saline for fluid resuscitation in the intensive care setting.
- AFFIRMRate-control vs. rhythm-control in atrial fibrillationRate-control, along with anticoagulation, should be the main approach to managing patients with atrial fibrillation.
- CAPRICORNBeta-blockers in acute myocardial infarctionCarvedilol significantly reduced mortality from cardiovascular causes and recurrent non-fatal MI.
- ACCORDIntensive glucose control associated with increased mortalityPrevious studies suggest that intensive blood glucose control reduces the risk of microvascular complications, though questions remained regarding the impact on macrovascular complications and mortality.
- DIGDigoxin associated with significant decrease in hospitalizations in patients with systolic heart failureDigoxin significantly reduced hospitalizations but had no significant effect on mortality when used to treat patients with systolic heart failure
- HAS-BLED scoreBleeding risk in atrial fibrillationThe HAS-BLED score is an easy to remember and easy to apply tool that has good predictive accuracy for the risk of major bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation
- Vena caval filters in pulmonary embolism prophylaxisPermanent vena caval filter placement in addition to anticoagulant therapy helps prevent short-term occurrence of pulmonary embolism but increases the risk of recurrent DVT in the long-term
- CRASH-2Tranexamic acid in trauma patientsTranexamic acid significantly reduces all-cause mortality in trauma patients with significant hemorrhage.
- RAVERituximab for ANCA-associated vasculitisRituximab is non-inferior to cyclophosphamide in inducing remission of severe ANCA-associated vasculitis.
- The Val-HeFT trial: Valsartan reduces morbidity in chronic heart failureValsartan, an angiotensin-receptor blocker, significantly reduces morbidity, but not mortality, in heart failure patients when added to background therapy.
- The Rivers trial: Early goal-directed therapy in severe sepsis and septic shockEarly goal-directed therapy in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock prior to admission to the intensive care unit significantly reduced organ dysfunction and mortality rates compared to standard therapy to…
- SOAP-IIFirst-line vasopressor for shock managementThere were no significant differences in 28-day, 6-month, or 12-month mortality when comparing dopamine and norepinephrine as first-line vasopressors in managing shock.
- COGENTOmeprazole with antiplatelet therapy reduces upper GI bleedingIn patients being treated with dual antiplatelet therapy, the addition of omeprazole significantly decreases the rate of gastrointestinal events when compared with placebo.
- ENHANCESimvastatin and ezetimibe in familial hypercholesterolemiaIn patients with familial hypercholesterolemia, simvastatin and ezetimibe combination therapy does not result in significant differences in carotid artery thickness when compared to treatment with simvastatin alone.
- SYNTAXCABG superior to PCI in triple-vessel or left main artery diseaseIn severe coronary artery disease, CABG is superior to PCI in reducing the need for repeat vascularization
- MIRACLAtorvastatin reduces recurrent ischemia post-ACSIn patients with recent acute coronary syndrome, atorvastatin 80 mg daily reduced the risk of recurrent ischemia in the following 16 week period.
- CHOIRTarget lower hemoglobin levels in patients with anemia and chronic kidney diseaseIn patients with anemia and chronic kidney disease, treating with epoetin alfa to a lower hemoglobin target was associated with significantly reduced incidence of the composite event (death, MI, hospitalization for CHF…
- CARPPreoperative revascularization prior to elective vascular surgeryIn patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective vascular surgery, preoperative revascularization does not significantly reduce short- or long-term mortality.
- MERIT-HFAddition of metoprolol reduces mortality in patients with symptomatic heart failureIn patients with symptomatic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, the addition of metoprolol to standard therapy reduced all-cause mortality by 34% compared to placebo.
- RE-COVERDabigatran non-inferior to warfarin in treating acute venous thromboembolismThe RE-COVER trial demonstrates that treating acute venous thromboembolism with 6 months of dabigatran 150 mg twice daily is non-inferior to dose-adjusted warfarin to an INR of 2-3.
- RENAALLosartan in diabetic nephropathyIn patients with type II diabetes and nephropathy, losartan at a dose of 50-100 mg daily significantly reduced the risk of developing end-stage renal disease compared to placebo.
- Tenofovir-emtricitabine more effective and safer than zidovudine-lamivudine in HIV treatmentA significantly higher percentage of patients taking tenofovir, emtricitabine, and efavirenz had HIV viral load <50 copies/mL than those taking zidovudine, lamivudine, and efavirenz
- MELD scorePredicting survival in end-stage liver diseaseThe Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) is a reliable tool for predicting short-term survival in patients with advanced liver disease
- EINSTEIN-PERivaroxaban to treat pulmonary embolismRivaroxaban, an oral factor Xa inhibitor, was non-inferior to standard anticoagulation therapy (i.e. low-molecular weight heparin and a vitamin K antagonist) in the prevention of recurrent thromboembolism following a…
- CURB-65 scoreRisk stratifying patients with community-acquired pneumoniaPatients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) can be stratified into mortality risk groups using a five-point score.
- CATTAvastin and Lucentis equally effective for macular degenerationLucentis (ranibizumab) and Avastin (bevaciumab) demonstrated equivalent effects on visual acuity in age-related macular degeneration (AMD) patients after 1 year of treatment.
- EVAR IEndovascular vs. open abdominal aortic aneurysm repairThe EVAR I trial compared the safety and efficacy of endovascular and open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair
- SAVECaptopril after acute MI reduces mortality and morbidityTreating patients with captopril after acute MI with asymptomatic LV dysfunction reduces mortality from cardiovascular causes (i.e., atherosclerotic heart disease, progressive heart failure).
- COMMITMetoprolol and clopidogrel in patients with acute MIAdding early metoprolol does not further decrease the risk of death post-MI compared to conventional fibrinolytic therapy alone.
- CUREClopidogrel in ACS without ST-elevationThe addition of clopidogrel significantly reduced the risk of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or other ischemic events in patients with ACS without ST elevation.
- PANTEROpen necrosectomy vs step-up approach for necrotizing pancreatitisA minimally invasive step-up approach significantly reduced the rate of major complications as compared to open necrosectomy in patients with necrotizing pancreatitis
- CORTICUSHydrocortisone in septic shockThere was no significant difference in mortality between patients with septic shock receiving low-dose hydrocortisone compared to placebo
- ALLHATThiazide diuretics as first-line antihypertensive therapyThere were no significant differences in the rates of fatal coronary heart disease or nonfatal myocardial infarction when comparing thiazide diuretics with ACE-Is or CCBs in hypertension management.
- CAREStatins in coronary artery diseaseStatin therapy reduces the risk of coronary events in patients with known coronary heart disease and low-density lipoprotein levels >125 mg/dL.
- CHARM-AlternativeAngiotensin-receptor blockers in heart failureCandesartan significantly reduced cardiovascular death and hospital admission for chronic heart failure in patients with heart failure and reduced ventricular function, who were intolerant to ACE inhibitors.
- PLATOTicagrelor vs clopidogrel for ACSTreatment with ticagrelor significantly reduces mortality in patients with acute coronary syndrome when compared to clopidogrel.
- JUPITERRosuvastatin in healthy patients with elevated CRP levelsIn patients with average LDL cholesterol levels and elevated CRP, rosuvastatin significantly reduced the risk of a first major cardiovascular event compared to placebo
- ROCKET AFRivaroxaban in atrial fibrillationRivaroxaban is non-inferior to warfarin in preventing strokes and systemic embolism.
- ADVANCEIntensive glycemic control reduces risk of nephropathyIntensive glycemic control was associated with significantly lower rates of new or worsened nephropathy when compared to conventional glycemic control.
- UKPDSReducing diabetes-related morbidity and mortalityFor patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, pharmacologic blood glucose control with sulfonylureas or insulin significantly reduces the risk of microvascular complications, but not macrovascular complications.
- CATIEHigh rates of medication discontinuation in schizophrenic patientsApproximately 74% of schizophrenic patients discontinued their medications before 18 months, with the median being 6 months.
- WARSSWarfarin vs aspirin in preventing recurrent ischemic strokeWarfarin is not superior to aspirin in preventing recurrent ischemic stroke in patients with a prior noncardioembolic ischemic stroke
- CLARITYAdding clopidogrel to STEMI managementThe early addition of clopidogrel significantly reduced the incidence of infarct-related arterial re-occlusion within 30 days following myocardial infarction
- EINSTEIN-DVTRivaroxaban in acute deep-vein thrombosisRivaroxaban is non-inferior to standard therapy of enoxaparin and vitamin K antagonist in treating acute, symptomatic deep-vein thrombosis
- ACTIVEDual antiplatelet therapy in atrial fibrillationIn patients with atrial fibrillation who require anticoagulation but cannot tolerate warfarin, dual anti-platelet therapy may be a potential alternative for stroke prophylaxis.
- CHARM-PreservedCandesartan in heart failure with preserved ejection fractionIn patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction, candesartan does not significantly reduce the rate of cardiovascular death, but does significantly reduce the rate of hospitalization for heart failure as…
- DEFINEBG-12 reduces relapse rate in multiple sclerosisBG-12 (dimethyl fumarate) significantly reduces relapse rates, disability progression, and image detectable lesion load over a two-year period.
- TRANSFORMSFingolimod vs interferon in multiple sclerosisFingolimod significantly reduced the number of relapses as compared to interferon beta-1a over a one-year period.
- EVAR IIEndovascular approach when unfit for open aortic aneurysm repairThe EVAR II trial compared endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair with no intervention in patients unsuitable for the open procedure.
- Experimental gene therapy results in full clinical reversal of X-linked SCIDTwo patients with X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) were treated with a retroviral-vector containing γc receptor for IL-2 with full clinical reversal after ten months.
- TRITONPrasugrel vs clopidogrel in ACSPrasugrel was more effective than clopidogrel in reducing the incidence of recurrent myocardial infarction in patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome, though there was no difference in mortality between the two…
- The Canadian CT Head RuleThe Canadian CT Head Rule consists of 7 predictor variables to assess the need for CT imaging in patients with minor head injuries.
- Angiotensin-receptor blockers in diabetic nephropathyIrbesartan was associated with a significantly lower risk of doubling of serum creatinine concentration, developing end-stage renal disease, or death from all causes.
- ESPRITAspirin with dipyridamole after cerebral ischemiaThe combination of aspirin and dipyridamole was superior to aspirin alone in the secondary prevention of major vascular events
- Childhood febrile seizure characteristics associated with epilepsy diagnosisThrough the inclusion of infants from the Collaborative Perinatal Project, this large, multicenter, prospective study found that children with febrile seizures, complex febrile seizures (seizures that were longer than…
- CASTAnti-arrhythmic agents increase risk of death in patients after MIThe use of class IC anti-arrhythmic agents flecainide and encainide in patients following myocardial infarction with left ventricular dysfunction increases the risk of death due to arrhythmia and shock.
- DIGAMIInsulin-glucose infusion in diabetics with acute MIIn diabetic patients with acute myocardial infarction, insulin-glucose infusion with subsequent long-term insulin treatment reduces mortality at 1 year.
- PRECOMBATPCI vs CABG in left main coronary artery stenosisIn patients with left main coronary artery stenosis, angioplasty with sirolimus-eluting stents was noninferior to coronary artery bypass grafting in preventing subsequent cardiac and cerebrovascular events
- RIVALRadial vs femoral artery access for PCIThe composite outcome of death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and non-CABG-related major bleeding did not differ between radial and femoral access for percutaneous coronary intervention
- LACTATEEarly lactate-guided therapy in intensive care patientsTherapy aimed at reducing lactate levels by 20% every 2 hours during the first 8 hours of ICU admission led to decreased in-hospital mortality and shorter ICU stays.
- MADIT-IIProphylactic defibrillators improve survival in patients with myocardial infarction and left ventricular dysfunctionThis trial found a 31% reduction in risk of death associated with implantation of a defibrillator compared to conventional therapy.
- ATLASACE inhibitor dosing in chronic heart failureWhen compared to a lower dose, high-dose angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor significantly reduced the risk of hospitalization or death in patients with chronic heart failure
- UPLIFTTiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary diseaseTiotropium does not significantly reduce the mean rate of decline in FEV1, a common metric of COPD progression.
- PROS network study examines pubertal onset by race/ethnic groupsIn a study population of girls 3-12 years of age, it was found that African-American females developed secondary sexual characteristics at a significantly earlier age than white girls.
- Clinical prediction rule stratifies pediatric bacterial meningitis riskA Bacterial Meningitis Score of 0 accurately identified all children with aseptic meningitis in the study’s validation group.
- CHADS2 scoreStroke risk in atrial fibrillationThe CHADS2 index is an accurate predictor of stroke in patients with non-rheumatic atrial fibrillation.
- Vancomycin superior to metronidazole for severe C. difficile diarrheaMetronidazole and vancomycin had similar efficacy in treating mild cases of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (CDAD).
- Magnesium sulfate in torsade de pointesIntravenous magnesium sulfate was effective at acutely terminating torsade de pointes.
- Early TIPS in cirrhosis and variceal bleedingIn patients with severe liver disease and variceal bleeding, early transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) significantly reduced the rate of treatment failure, length of hospitalization, and mortality
- Prophylactic penicillin and reduced septicemia in sickle cell patientsThis randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded trial demonstrated an 84% reduction in the incidence of pneumococcal septicemia among patients with sickle cell taking prophylactic penicillin when compared to those…
- STAR*D trials IMedication augmentation for depressionIn patients who have not experienced remission of depression despite vigorous treatment with an SSRI, augmentation of treatment by adding buproprion or buspirone can achieve remission in approximately 30% of patients.
- Endoscopic biliary drainage in acute cholangitisFor patients with severe acute cholangitis due to choledocholithiasis, endoscopic biliary drainage reduces hospital mortality compared to surgical decompression
- PLCO trial 1PSA and digital rectal examination in prostate cancer screeningSubjects undergoing annual prostate-specific antigen (PSA) testing for 6 years and annual digital rectal examination (DRE) for 4 years experienced significantly increased incidence of prostate cancer compared to usual…
- Decrease in symptom severity linked to infliximab Crohn’s treatmentThe severity of Crohn’s disease as assessed by the Pediatric Crohn’s Disease Activity Index in patients recruited from 3 pediatric specialty centers decreased significantly over the course of a 12-week treatment regimen…
- Symptom-triggered benzodiazepine treatment for alcohol withdrawalFor patients withdrawing from alcohol, a symptom-triggered pharmacologic therapy may decrease detoxification time without compromising the safety or comfort of the patient
- Intravenous omeprazole after endoscopy reduces rebleeding in patients with peptic ulcersAfter endoscopic treatment, intravenous omeprazole significantly reduces the risk of rebleeding in patients with peptic ulcers at 3, 7, and 30 days
- ICTUSEarly invasive or selectively invasive management for ACSThere was no significant difference in the composite rate of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or rehospitalization for angina in patients with acute coronary syndromes treated with early invasive versus…
- Prone sleeping position and heavy bedding associated with SIDSIn a study of sudden death in infants compared to matched controls, a significant increase in risk of death from unknown causes also called sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) was observed among infants who slept prone…
- NETTLung-volume-reduction surgery in emphysemaLung-volume-reduction surgery significantly improves exercise capacity, but not overall survival, in patients with emphysema when compared with medical therapy
- CARESSDual antiplatelet therapy superior to monotherapy in symptomatic carotid stenosisDual antiplatelet therapy with clopidogrel and aspirin was associated with a significant reduction in microembolic events in patients with symptomatic carotid stenosis compared to aspirin alone
- Initial guidelines for prolonged fever in childrenAmong 100 children presenting to one children’s hospital for prolonged febrile illnesses, the majority of cases were of an infectious etiology (52 cases).
- HMPS IICharacterizing adverse events in hospitalized patientsDrug-related complications were the most common type of adverse event in hospitalized patients.
- Adjuvant dexamethasone improves outcomes in adult bacterial meningitisTreatment with dexamethasone reduces morbidity and mortality in adults with bacterial meningitis
- Interferon beta-1b for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosisIn patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis, treatment with interferon beta-1b significantly reduced the rate of multiple sclerosis exacerbations in a dose-dependent fashion.
- Symplicity HTN-2Renal denervation in treatment-resistant hypertensionRenal denervation significantly reduces blood pressure in patients suffering from treatment-resistant hypertension
- Laboratory values and treatment associated with DKA-related cerebral edemaAmong children admitted to 1 of 10 medical centers for diabetic ketoacidosis management, elevated serum urea nitrogen concentrations and low partial pressures of carbon dioxide were associated with significant increases…
- Aspirin vs warfarin in atherosclerotic intracranial stenosisThere was no difference between warfarin and aspirin in preventing recurrent stroke in patients with significant atherosclerotic intracranial stenosis.
- STAR*D trials IISwitching antidepressantsIn cases where citalopram fails or cannot be tolerated, approximately 1 in 4 patients will experience remission of their depression symptoms by switching to sustained-release buproprion, sertraline, or extended-release…
- Initial trial of conservative management of splenic injuryThe conservative, symptomatic management of 16 patients following assumed splenic injury from blunt abdominal trauma resulted in normalization of hemodynamic stability within 2 days of hospital admission, complete…
- Early infant CF diagnosis associated with improved nutritional statusAmong infants randomized to undergo either newborn screen with cystic fibrosis (CF) testing included or undergo normal pediatric surveillance, those who underwent newborn screen were diagnosed significantly earlier.
- EMPHASIS-HFEplerenone in mild systolic heart failureEplerenone significantly reduces mortality in patients suffering from heart failure with reduced systolic function (LVEF≤30%, or 30-35% if QRS>130 ms) and mild symptoms (NYHA class II) when compared with placebo
- ATLASDuration of adjuvant tamoxifen in ER-positive breast cancerAmong women with early ER-positive breast cancer, continuing adjuvant tamoxifen for 10 years versus stopping at 5 years after diagnosis significantly reduced breast cancer recurrence, breast cancer mortality, and…
- IVIg with aspirin linked to reduced coronary aneurysmsChildren with Kawasaki disease treated with a combined regimen of aspirin and intravenous gamma globulin had significantly lower rates of coronary artery aneurysms when compared to those receiving aspirin only.
- EPHESUSEplerenone in heart failure after myocardial infarctionEplerenone significantly reduces all-cause mortality in patients with heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction (LVEF≤40%) after myocardial infarction when compared with placebo
- MMR vaccine not associated with autismAmong children born in Denmark during a 7-year study period, no increase in risk of developing autism was seen in those who were vaccinated against measles, mumps, and rubella relative to unvaccinated children.
- SOLVDEnalapril in heart failure with reduced ejection fractionEnalapril significantly reduced the risk of all-cause mortality in patients with congestive heart failure and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF≤35%) compared to placebo
- RSV positivity associated with reduced serious bacterial infection riskRSV-positive infants were significantly less likely to have an SBI than those who tested negative (7% vs. 12.5%, RR 0.6, p < .05) and at reduced risk for SBI (OR 0.58).
- Donepezil and vitamin E in Alzheimer’s diseaseHigh-dose vitamin E supplementation does not slow down progression to Alzheimer’s disease
- No survival difference in lumpectomy and mastectomy for breast cancerIn women with stage I or II breast cancer, there was no significant difference in overall survival in women treated with total mastectomy compared to breast-conserving surgery
- Mild hypothermia improves neurological outcome after cardiac arrestInitiation of hypothermia protocol for 24 hours after a cardiac arrest significantly improved neurological outcome in surviving patients
- HMPS IAdverse events in patients and negligenceIt was found that adverse events occurred in 3.7% of hospitalizations.
- PIVOTRadical prostatectomy versus observationProstatectomy did not significantly reduce all-cause mortality or prostate-cancer mortality when compared to observation
- Clinical decision rule associated with 40% decrease in ALTE-related hospital admissionsAbnormal physical exam findings, prematurity, cyanosis, absence of upper respiratory infection (URI), and absence of choking were significant predictors of the need for significant intervention among study participants…
- PLCO trial 2Flexible sigmoidoscopy in colon cancer screeningScreening with flexible sigmoidoscopy is associated with a significant decrease in colon cancer incidence in the distal and proximal colon
- Low-lead exposure in childhood associated with worse cognitive performanceAmong children exposed to lead early in life, serum lead levels at 24 months of age were significantly associated with decreased cognitive performance on measures of intelligence and educational achievement at 10 years…
- NLSTScreening for lung cancerLow-dose computed tomography screening reduces lung cancer mortality when compared to screening with chest radiography
- The Bogalusa Heart Study: Childhood weight status and cardiovascular risk factorsChildren recruited for weight and cardiovascular risk assessment were found to have higher frequencies of cardiac risks factors as their BMIs increased.
- Transcutaneous bilirubinometry linked to decreased serum testing and costsIn a 2 year study period, researchers observed a significant decrease in the number of infants undergoing bilirubin serum testing after introduction of a transcutaneous bilirubinometer in one hospital’s newborn nursery.
- Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy significantly improves HIV survivalThe relative risk of death was significantly higher in patients who deferred antiretroviral therapy compared to those who initiated treatment early on
- Antibiotic prophylaxis not associated with UTI prevention in childrenAmong children recruited following febrile urinary tract infection (UTI) and randomized to receive either antibiotics or no medication, no significant difference in UTI recurrence was noted between groups.
- MDRDProtein intake and blood pressure control in renal insufficiencyReducing protein intake and lower blood pressure targets did not significantly delay the rate of decline in GFR in patients with renal insufficiency
- TORCHCombination of salmeterol and fluticasone in treating COPDThe combination of salmeterol and fluticasone did not significantly reduce all-cause mortality in patients with chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD)
- DASHDiet change significantly reduces blood pressureA “combination” diet rich in fruits and vegetables and low in saturated and total fat reduces blood pressure in comparison to the typical American diet
- Artificial surfactant linked to significant improvement of RDSAmong 10 infants treated for respiratory distress syndrome with artificial surfactant in this landmark trial, significant improvements in blood pressure, acid-base status, arterial oxygenation, and radiologic findings…
- NINDSTissue plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke significantly improves functional outcomesTreatment of acute ischemic stroke with tissue plasminogen activator within 3 hours of symptom onset significantly improves functional outcomes three months after the incident, when compared with placebo
- Isolated thrombocytopenia uncommon in children treated for ALLAmong 2239 pediatric patients diagnosed with acute lymphoblastic leukemia, no child met criteria for isolated thrombocytopenia as evidenced by complete blood count, peripheral blood smear, and hepatosplenomegaly on…
- Standardized cost-effective model for diagnosing and treating febrile infantsFollowing implementation of an evidence-based care process model for evaluation and treatment of febrile infants, children were found to have significantly shorter hospital stays, reduced risk of a missed serious…
- COPERNICUSBeta-blockers in severe chronic heart failureAdding carvedilol to the management of patients with severe heart failure (NYHA Class III-IV and LVEF<25%) is associated with a 35% relative risk reduction in mortality.
- Parents define children’s oncology-related palliation and pain reliefWhen interviews with parents who lost children to cancer were compared to patient hospital records, researchers found that many children experienced substantial suffering toward the end of life with poorly managed…
- Finasteride significantly reduces incidence of prostate cancerFinasteride therapy was found to significantly reduce the incidence of prostate cancer compared to placebo.
- The Rockall score: Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhageAge, shock, comorbidity, diagnosis, major stigmata of recent haemorrhage, and rebleeding were found to be independent predictors of mortality following acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage.
- Hepatocellular carcinoma screening reduces mortalityPatients at high risk for hepatocellular carcinoma who underwent biannual screening with serum AFP levels and liver ultrasound were much more likely to be diagnosed with cancer in the earlier stages and receive curative…
- Computerized order system linked with increased pediatric mortalityThe use of a computerized physician order entry (CPOE) program in a large, tertiary pediatric hospital was associated with over 3 times increased risk of mortality when compared to patients admitted to the same center…
- Early retroviral therapy reduces HIV-1 transmissionHIV-1 transmission rates were significantly lower in the early-therapy group compared to the delayed-therapy group
- Fidaxomicin vs. vancomycin in C. difficile infectionFidaxomicin is non-inferior to vancomycin in achieving clinical cure of C. difficile infection
- Antibiotic GBS prophylaxis linked to decreased early-onset neonatal infectionDuring the 1990-1998 study period, which included the 1996 initiation of national Group B Streptococcus guidelines, a significant, 65% decrease in early-onset neonatal disease was observed.
- Albumin in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitisIn cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, albumin infusion on days 1 and 3 of treatment in addition to antibiotics significantly reduces the risk of developing renal impairment and mortality when…
- Quadrivalent HPV vaccine in young womenProphylactic use of a quadrivalent vaccine against HPV strains 6, 11, 16, and 18 significantly reduced the incidence of HPV infection and HPV-associated genital disease 30 months after vaccination
- Fecal transplantation in recurrent C. difficile infectionTreating recurrent C. difficile infection with infusion of donor feces resulted in significantly higher cure rates than treating with vancomycin-alone or vancomycin with bowel lavage.
- OHTSTopical ocular hypotensive medication reduces risk of open-angle glaucomaAt 5 years, the probability of developing open-angle glaucoma was significantly lower in the group that received topical ocular hypotensive medication compared to the observed group.
- Risks associated with a Trial of Labor after Cesarean Delivery (TOLAC)Uterine rupture occurs in less than 1% of women undergoing TOLAC.
- Dexamethasone effective as initial therapy for immune thrombocytopenic purpuraOf 125 patients with newly diagnosed immune thrombocytopenic purpura, 106 (85%) had an initial response to high-dose dexamethasone therapy
- Sleep-disordered breathing associated with poor academics and surgical improvementSleep-associated gas exchange abnormalities were highly prevalent among a first-grade study cohort with poor academic performance. About 18% of participants had oxygenation abnormalities assessed during overnight…
- Lower blood transfusion threshold in septic shock safe at 90-daysPatients with septic shock requiring critical care and transfused to a lower hemoglobin threshold had similar rates of mortality at 90-days after randomization as compared to those transfused to a higher threshold.
- AMPLIFYApixaban for treatment of venous thromboembolismApixaban was found to be non-inferior to conventional therapy (i.e., enoxaparin followed by warfarin) in the treatment of acute venous thromboembolism.
- Adverse childhood exposures associated with poor health in adulthoodAmong 8056 adult patients who completed a standardized questionnaire regarding adverse childhood exposures, a significant dose-response relationship was observed when the number of exposures were analyzed in the context…
- Magnesium reduces cerebral palsy in infants delivered early pretermAmong women with imminent delivery between 24 and 31 weeks gestation, those randomized to receive magnesium sulfate experienced a decreased risk of moderate or severe cerebral palsy.
- HPV triage is optimal management for ASCUSA single human papillomavirus (HPV) test identified 92.4% of women diagnosed with CIN-III.
- Letrozole superior to clomid for ovulation induction in PCOSWomen with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) randomized to receive letrozole had more live births than women randomized to clomiphene (27.5% vs. 19.1%, p=0.007).
- Progesterone injections reduce recurrent preterm birthIn women with a history of preterm birth, weekly progesterone injections reduced the risk of delivery prior to 37, 35, and 32 weeks gestation.
- Vaginal progesterone for sonographic short cervix decreases preterm birthAmong women with a sonographic short cervix, those randomized to receive daily vaginal progesterone were 45% less likely to experience preterm delivery prior to 33 weeks gestation (NNT=14).
- The Women’s Health Initiative: Risks outweigh benefits of combination hormone replacement therapyCombination estrogen and progestin hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is associated with a 29% increased risk of cardiovascular disease, 110% increased risk of venous thromboembolism and 26% increased risk of invasive…
- Most ovarian cysts resolve, sonographic surveillance recommendedThe majority (>60%) of ovarian abnormalities, even complex, solid or bilateral cysts, resolved with serial ultrasounds.
- Nurses’ Health Study: Estrogen associated with lower cardiovascular disease riskHealthy postmenopausal nurses aged 30-53 years on estrogen therapy had a 44% reduced risk of major coronary disease compared to women not on estrogen.
- Twin vaginal delivery as safe as cesareanAmong women with cephalic-presenting diamniotic twins at term, those randomized to planned cesarean delivery were not more likely to experience adverse neonatal outcomes compared to those randomized to planned vaginal…
- STOP-ITFixed-Duration Antibiotic Therapy for Intraabdominal InfectionsThe STOP-IT trial found that 4 days of fixed antibiotic therapy after surgical or percutaneous source control is as effective as a longer, symptom-guided course for patients with complicated intraabdominal infections.
- Cerclage prevents recurrent preterm birth in women with short cervixIn women with a history of prior preterm birth less and midtrimester cervical length <25mm, cerclage reduced perinatal morbidity and preterm delivery at less than 24 weeks.
- The V-HeFT I: Hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate in heart failureIn patients with congestive heart failure, the combination of hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate significantly reduced mortality when compared with placebo.
- CNTGIntra-ocular pressure reduction slows progression of normal-tension glaucomaReduction of intra-ocular pressure (IOP) with topical medications in normal-tension glaucoma significantly reduced risk of progression to visual field impairment and/or optic disc damage.
- Head cooling improves outcomes in neonatal encephalopathyAmong term infants with neonatal encephalopathy associated with mild EEG changes, those randomized to head cooling had a reduced incidence of death and severe neurodevelopmental disability compared to infants randomized…
- Diffusion-weighted MRI highly sensitive, specific vs. CT in acute ischemic strokeAmong patients with acute neurologic deficits presenting within six hours of symptoms onset, diffusion-weight magnetic resonance imaging (DWI) was shown to be significantly more sensitive and specific for the diagnosis…
- Omeprazole versus placebo for bleeding peptic ulcerPatients presenting with upper gastrointestinal bleeds experienced significantly lower risk of continued bleeding and need for surgery to control bleeding when treated with omeprazole as compared with placebo.
- Omeprazole before endoscopy in patients with gastrointestinal bleedingCompared to placebo, treating patients with omeprazole bolus and infusion prior to endoscopy significantly reduces the need for endoscopic therapy, the rate of post-endoscopy active bleeding, and shortens hospital stays.
- ACURASYSNeuromuscular blockade in early ARDSIn patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), treatment with neuromuscular blockade in the first 48 hours significantly reduced 90-day and 28-day mortality when compared to placebo.
- HAPOhyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomesImpaired glucose tolerance on the 2-hour glucose tolerance test was associated with increased odds of primary cesarean delivery, large for gestational age (LGA) infantts, cord-blood serum C-peptide >90th %ile and…
- Gestational diabetes treatment improves maternal outcomesWomen randomized to treatment of mild gestational diabetes were less likely to experience shoulder dystocia, cesarean delivery, gestational hypertensive disease or deliver large for gestational age infants compared to…
- PROSEVAProning in severe ARDSIn patients with severe acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), prone-positioning significantly reduced 28-day and 90-day mortality when compared with patients remaining in supine position.
- Prednisolone vs placebo in severe alcoholic hepatitisCompared to placebo, treating patients with severe alcoholic hepatitis with 28 days of prednisolone significantly improved the short-term survival up to 6 months.
- Doppler velocimetry of fetal middle cerebral artery predicts anemiaAmong fetuses at risk for maternal red cell alloimmunization, peak systolic velocity in the middle cerebral artery is a sensitive predictor of moderate or severe fetal anemia.
- The Term Breech trial: Cesarean delivery improves perinatal outcomeAmong women with term fetuses in breech malpresentation, cesarean delivery was associated with reduction in perinatal and neonatal mortality and morbidity.
- Zidovudine reduces maternal-infant HIV transmissionAmong pregnant women with HIV, antepartum, intrapartum and neonatal zidovudine therapy reduced maternal-fetal transmission of HIV by two-thirds.
- Worse side effects following transobturator slingRetropubic tension free vaginal tape (TVT) and transobturator tape (TOT) were associated with similar success rates for treatment of stress urinary incontinence at one year.
- 5-day versus 10-day course of remdesivir in patients with severe COVID-19Compared to patients who received remdesivir for 10 days, those in the 5-day group experienced no significant difference in either clinical outcomes or time to clinical improvement.
- A standard for fetal growth in pregnancyAfter an initial rapid period of curvilinear growth, fetal weight was found to increase at a more linear rate through term.
- ACTT-1Remdesivir for the treatment of COVID-19This study determined that amongst adults hospitalized with COVID-19 with evidence of lower respiratory tract infection, remdesivir was superior to placebo in shortening time to recovery.
- Adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with thrombophiliasThe incidence of genetic thrombophilias was found to be higher in women with adverse pregnancy outcomes.
- Anal sphincter disruption common with forceps-assisted vaginal deliveryThe anal sphincter was disrupted in 80% of forceps-assisted vaginal deliveries and 35% of spontaneous vaginal deliveries.
- Anastrazole superior to tamoxifen for breast cancer treatmentPostmenopausal women with advanced breast cancer randomized to anastrazole as first-line therapy experienced an increase in time to progression and a more favorable side effect profile compared to women randomized to…
- ANNEXA-A and ANNEXA-RAndaxanet Alfa for Reversal of Apixaban and RivaroxabanThis study determined that andaxanet alfa is effective in reversing anticoagulation by the direct factor Xa inhibitors apixaban and rivaroxaban.
- Antenatal steroids for fetal lung maturityRespiratory distress syndrome (RDS) and perinatal mortality were significantly less common among preterm infants whose mothers received betamethasone prior to delivery.
- AREDS1Zinc and antioxidant supplementation reduce progression of AMD in high-risk patientsIn patients with advanced age-related macular degeneration (AMD) in one eye only or intermediate AMD in either eye, zinc and antioxidant supplementation reduced the risk of progression to advanced AMD and reduced the…
- AREDS2No benefit from additional carotenoid and omega-3-fatty acid supplementation to original AREDS formulationThere was no added benefit observed with adding lutein and zeaxanthin, omega-3-fatty acids (DHA and EPA), or the combination to the original AREDS formulation in reducing progression to advanced age-related macular…
- Arterial chemoembolization improves survival in non-resectable hepatocellular carcinomaIn patients with unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), arterial chemoembolization with doxorubicin demonstrated significant survival benefit compared to control group.
- Association of bacterial vaginosis and low birthweight infantsBacterial vaginosis (BV) is associated with 40% increased odds of preterm delivery of a low birthweight (LBW) infant.
- Atypia predicts progression to endometrial cancerAmong women with endometrial hyperplasia, cytologic atypia was the most important predictor of progression to carcinoma.
- AVERROESApixaban vs aspirin in atrial fibrillationIn patients with atrial fibrillation who were unable to receive warfarin for any reason, the use of apixaban reduced the risk of stroke and systemic embolism when compared to aspirin.
- Behavioral intervention superior for urge incontinenceFor treatment of urgency incontinence, behavioral intervention was associated with the greatest reduction in incontinence episodes and the highest patient satisfaction rates compared to standard drug treatment with…
- BHATPropranolol after acute myocardial infarctionBeta-blockers were commonly used in the treatment of coronary artery disease in the 1980s, though prior studies were inconclusive due to limitations in study design and small sample sizes.
- BI-RADS study identifies mammography features with high positive predictive values for carcinomaLesions observed in mammography with spiculated margins, linear calcification morphology, irregular shape, segmental calcification distribution, or linear calcification distributions have high positive predictive values…
- BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine for COVID-19 preventionThis clinical trial determined the efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine at preventing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection (94.6%) based on comparison to a placebo control group.
- Bosniak classification system differentiates benign renal cysts from cystic carcinomaThe presence of calcification, septa, irregularities or thickness in cyst walls on ultrasound (US) or computed tomography (CT) can be used to identify potentially malignant lesions requiring surgery.
- Breast density increases the risk of cancer and hinders mammographic detectionWomen with mammographic density obscuring more than 75% of the imaged breast demonstrated a significantly increased risk of breast cancer detected either by screening or within 12 months of a negative screening…
- Breast MRI most sensitive screening modality in high-risk patientsAmong patients with a familial or genetic predisposition to the development of breast cancer, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the breast was significantly more sensitive than either clinical exam or mammography for…
- Breast ultrasound sensitive for cancer and carries a low false positive rateIn a large cohort of women referred for evaluation of one or more solid breast lesions, ultrasound (US) showed a sensitivity of 98.4% for malignancy and was associated with a negative predictive value of 99.5%.
- BRIDGEPeriprocedural bridging in patients with atrial fibrillationPatients with atrial fibrillation are often treated with long-term oral anticoagulation, and may require interruption of their anticoagulation for elective surgeries or invasive procedures.
- Canadian C-Spine Rules superior to NEXUS Low-Risk Criteria for detecting cervical-spine injuriesThe Canadian C-Spine Rule (CCR, Figure I) demonstrated higher sensitivity and specificity for cervical-spine injury compared to the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) Low-Risk Criteria (NLC…
- Ceftriaxone vs. norfloxacin for prophylaxis in patients with cirrhosis and gastrointestinal bleedingIn cirrhotic patients who presented with gastrointestinal bleeding, patients treated with ceftriaxone were significantly less likely to develop proved or possible infections when compared to those treated with…
- Cervical length indicates risk of preterm deliveryTransvaginal cervical length measured at 24 and 28 weeks gestation was inversely associated with risk of spontaneous preterm delivery in a dose-dependent manner.
- Cesarean delivery for term breech not associated with long-term benefitAt 2-year follow-up, planned cesarean delivery was not associated with reduction in neurodevelopmental delay compared to planned vaginal delivery for term breech malpresentation.
- Characteristics of COVID-19 pneumonia patientsThis case series found that the majority of patients with novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia (NCIP) were infected through hospital transmission (41%).
- CHARM-AddedAdding candesartan to ACE inhibitor reduces mortality in heart failureAngiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibitors had been shown to significantly reduce mortality in patients with heart failure, and it was hypothesized that adding an angiotensin-receptor blocker (ARB) would provide…
- Chemical shift and gadolinium-enhanced MRI identifies adrenal adenomas with high specificity and acceptable sensitivityThe relative change in mass-liver signal intensity (SI) ratio on opposed-phase versus in-phase magnetic resonance (MR) imaging was highly specific and sensitive in characterizing adrenal masses as adenomas.
- Combination mammography and breast tomosynthesis improves breast cancer screeningThe addition of breast tomosynthesis to digital mammography in breast cancer screening improved lesion conspicuity, thereby significantly increasing the rate of cancer detection and the overall positive predictive value…
- Compression ultrasound identifies proximal deep venous thrombosis with high sensitivity and specificityVein compressibility assessed with ultrasonography (US) was highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of proximal-vein deep vein thrombosis (DVT) when compared to contrast venography.
- CONSENSUSEnalapril reduces mortality in severe heart failureIn patients with severe heart failure, treatment with enalapril significantly reduced the risk of mortality at 6-months and 1-year when compared with placebo.
- Coronary CT angiography not superior to functional testing in cardiac risk managementComputed tomographic coronary angiography (CTCA) as the initial diagnostic test for patients at intermediate risk of coronary artery disease (CAD) was not superior to functional cardiac testing with regard to all-cause…
- COVEmRNA-1273 vaccine for preventing COVID-19In this phase 3 trial, the mRNA-1273 vaccine was found to be efficacious in preventing symptomatic infection from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in comparison to a placebo control.
- COVID-19 epidemiologic characteristics in Wuhan, ChinaThis prospective cohort study found that novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia (NCIP) is transmitted via human-to-human contact.
- COVID-19 patient characteristics across Mainland ChinaThis cohort study of patients with novel coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) found that a primary composite endpoint of intensive care unit (ICU) admission, mechanical ventilation, or mortality occurred in 6.1% of patients.
- COVID-19 pneumonia patients in Wuhan, ChinaThis case series of patients with novel coronavirus–infected pneumonia (NCIP) found that 32% were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and 15% died.
- CREDENCEThe effect of canagliflozin on renal functionIn this study, a composite of end-stage kidney disease, double of serum creatinine, and renal or cardiovascular death was significantly lower in diabetic patients taking canagliflozin (43.2%) as compared to a placebo…
- CT evaluation in pancreatitis strongly correlates with patient outcomesAmong patients with acute pancreatitis, the presence and degree of pancreatic necrosis correlated with average hospital length of stay, complications, and mortality.
- CT insensitive to mediastinal lymph node metastasis in bronchogenic carcinomaComputed tomography (CT) of the chest is limited in the ability to detect the presence of mediastinal lymph node involvement in patients with bronchogenic carcinoma.
- CT not sufficient to rule out early subarachnoid hemorrhageIn a retrospective review of 119 patients presenting with sudden headache, computed tomography (CT) scan within 12 hours of symptom onset failed to identify all patients with proven subarachnoid hemorrhage(SAH).
- CT scans increase the risk of malignancy in children and young adultsIn this retrospective cohort analysis of children and young adults without previous malignancy, patients exposed to multiple computed tomography (CT) scans had over 3 times the risk of developing leukemia and brain…
- CT utilization associated with future cancer riskRisk projection models estimated 29,000 potential excess cancers related to computed tomography (CT ) scans performed in the United States in 2007.
- CT-guided percutaneous lung biopsies more effective for larger pulmonary nodulesComputed tomography (CT)-guided percutaneous lung biopsies demonstrated significantly higher accuracy for pulmonary nodules greater than 1.5 cm in diameter compared to small pulmonary nodules (< 1.5 cm)
- DAPA-HFDapagliflozin in patients with heart failureThis study found that patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) who received dapagliflozin had lower rates of composite cardiovascular death and worsening heart failure (16.3%) compared to…
- DAPTExtended dual antiplatelet therapy after drug eluting stentsAfter 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy in patients who received drug eluting stents (DES), patients who continued on a thienopyridine in addition to aspirin for 18 months experienced significantly lower rates of…
- DAWNThrombectomy between 6 and 24 hours after acute stroke reduces disabilityThrombectomy performed between 6 and 24 hours after onset of acute stroke in patients with a mismatch between stroke symptoms and infarct volume results in better disability outcomes compared to standard care alone.
- Delayed antimicrobial therapy linked with higher mortality in septic shockSeptic shock is a complication of infection with very high mortality rates.
- Detection of advanced colorectal neoplasia by CT colonography comparable to optical colonoscopyComputed tomographic colonography (CTC) and optical colonoscopy (OC) screening strategies resulted in similar detection rates of advanced neoplasia.
- DOSELoop diuretic strategies in acute decompensated heart failureThe use of loop diuretics in acute decompensated heart failure is commonplace, but clinical practice varies widely with regards to the dosage and administration of therapy.
- EARLY-AFCatheter cryoballoon ablation for atrial fibrillationThis study found that in patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF), patients who received ablation were less likely to experience atrial tachyarrhythmia compared to those who received antiarrhythmic drugs (42.9%…
- EAST-AFNET 4Early Rhythm Control vs Usual Care in Atrial Fibrillation (East AF)The EAST-AFNET 4 trial (East AF) demonstrated that early rhythm control therapy—including antiarrhythmic drugs or catheter ablation—was associated with a significant reduction in the composite outcome of cardiovascular…
- ECASS IIIAdministering alteplase up to 4.5 hours after onset of acute ischemic stroke improves neurological outcomesAlteplase administered between 3 to 4.5 hours after the onset of acute ischemic stroke was associated with improved functional outcomes at 90 days, compared to placebo.
- EMGTReducing intraocular pressure slows progression of glaucomaTreatment using laser trabeculoplasty and topical betaxolol hydrochloride to reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) is associated with delayed progression of glaucoma
- EMPACTATocilizumab reduced COVID-19 disease-related adverse health outcomesTocilizumab reduced the need for mechanical ventilation and lowered death outcomes in patients infected with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).
- EMPEROR-PreservedEmpagliflozin in heart failureThe present study demonstrated that patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are less likely to experience a composite outcome of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure if…
- Endovaginal ultrasound highly sensitive screen for endometrial cancerEndovaginal ultrasound (EVUS) revealing an endometrial stripe of 5 mm or greater was 96% sensitive for endometrial cancer and 92% sensitive for other endometrial disease, allowing for noninvasive screening and…
- EVSVitrectomy results in better visual outcomes for light-perception patientsIn patients with endophthalmitis after recent lens implantation, immediate vitrectomy significantly improved visual outcomes for patients presenting with light-perception visual acuity compared to vitreous tap. In…
- Fewer adverse drug reactions occur with nonionic than ionic contrast mediaThe prevalence of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) with the use of intravenous high-osmolar, ionic contrast media was over four-fold greater compared to low-osmolar, nonionic contrast.
- Fleischner Criteria - Fleischner Society 2017 Guidelines: Updated Follow-Up for Incidental Pulmonary NodulesThe 2017 update to the Fleischner Society Guidelines greatly reduces unnecessary follow-up imaging for incidental solid and subsolid pulmonary nodules by increasing the size threshold for routine surveillance and using…
- Fleischner Society Guidelines, 2005 Statement: Limited CT follow-up recommended for small, solitary, pulmonary nodulesIn patients with a low clinical risk for lung cancer, incidentally-detected small lung nodules (< 4 mm) found on computed tomography (CT) scans do not require additional longitudinal imaging follow-up; nodules between 4…
- FOURIERPCSK9 inhibitor significantly reduces the risk of cardiovascular eventsIn addition to significantly lowering levels of low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), evolocumab reduced the composite risk of cardiovascular events in atherosclerotic patients on optimal statin therapy without a…
- FREEDOMCoronary bypass graft vs. PCI in diabetic patientsIn patients with diabetes and multivessel disease, coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) was shown to be superior to percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with drug-eluting stents in reducing the risk of all-cause…
- Frequent CT follow-up recommended for subsolid pulmonary nodulesFleischner Society Guidelines, 2013 UpdateIn patients with incidentally-detected, solitary, pure ground-glass nodules (GGNs) > 5 mm on computed tomography (CT), initial follow-up is recommended at 3 months, followed by annual CT surveillance. Nodules ≤ 5 mm…
- Gadolinium-containing contrast associated with nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy and systemic fibrosisAmong patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), gadolinium (Gd) containing MRI contrast agents were found to trigger nephrogenic fibrosing dermopathy (NFD) or nephrogenic systemic fibrosis (NSF) within 1 month of…
- Glyburide as effective as insulin for gestational diabetesAmong women with gestational diabetes requiring treatment, those randomized to glyburide achieved similar glycemic control to women in the insulin control group.
- HELLP syndrome is variant of preeclampsiaThe syndrome of hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes and low platelets (HELLP) was defined as a destructive, consumptive coagulopathy on the spectrum of preeclampsia.
- Heparin in noncritically ill COVID-19 patientsThis study found that in patients hospitalized, but not critically ill, with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), heparin treatment was associated with significantly more organ support–free days as compared to normal…
- Hepatic arterial phase imaging more sensitive than portal venous phase in the detection of hepatic lesions and arterioportal shuntingHepatic arterial phase imaging detected more hepatic lesions than portal venous phase (PVP) imaging, as well as arterioportal shunting not seen on PVP images.
- High fertilization rates following intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)Among infertile couples with poor prognosis and/or severe male factor infertility, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) was associated with higher fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy rates.
- HOTDiastolic blood pressure targets in hypertensionIn hypertensive patients, there were no significant differences between different diastolic blood pressure (dBP) targets (≤
- Human papillomavirus infection is associated with adenocarcinoma of the cervixHuman papillomavirus (HPV) types 16 and 18 were present in a high proportion of cervical disease and termed oncogenic subtypes.
- ICAPColchicine in acute pericarditisColchicine has been commonly used in the treatment of inflammatory conditions, including gout and serositis.
- Immune-related response criteria captures tumor response to therapyImmune-related response criteria should be used to capture the effects of immunotherapeutic agents as they more accurately capture the variable antitumor response seen after their use.
- Inactivated whole-virion SARS-CoV-2 vaccine reduces rates of symptomatic COVID-19 infectionsIncidence of PCR-confirmed symptomatic COVID-19 cases was lower in the vaccine group compared with the placebo group.
- Increased use of pediatric CT poses significant oncogenic riskBetween 1996 and 2010, the use of computed tomographic (CT) imaging increased 2- to 3-fold for children up to 14 years of age, with effective radiation doses per scan varying widely, but ranging up to 69.2 mSv/scan.
- INPULSISNintedanib for Idiopathic Pulmonary FibrosisIn this report of two randomized, placebo-controlled trials, nintedanib reduced force vital capacity decline in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis versus control over 52 weeks.
- Interleukin-6 receptor antagonist treatment improves outcomes in patients with COVID-19 infectionTreatment with tocilizumab and sarilumab increased the number of days without respiratory or cardiovascular organ support in patients with COVID-19 infection.
- Intraarterial therapy and t-PA increase reperfusion and functional independence after acute ischemic strokeAcross several randomized controlled trials (Table I), patients treated with intraarterial therapy and intravenous (IV) tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) had consistently improved functional outcomes compared to…
- Intraperitoneal chemotherapy improves advanced ovarian cancer survivalWomen with advanced-stage (≥Stage III) ovarian cancer randomized to intraperitoneal chemotherapy achieved an increase in overall survival compared to controls.
- INVESTLimited added utility of vertebroplasty versus sham surgeryVertebroplasty does not reduce pain or pain-related disability in patients with osteoporotic compression vertebral body fractures when compared to sham surgery after 1 month.
- ISATendovascular coiling superior to neurosurgical clipping in selected patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhageIn patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), endovascular coiling demonstrated significantly better survival compared to neurosurgical clipping.
- Kocher Criteria differentiates pediatric septic arthritis and transient synovitis of the hipChildren with septic arthritis of the hip could be accurately differentiated from transient synovitis of the hip on the basis of the presence or absence of four major clinical predictors: fever, lack of weight-bearing…
- LI-RADS outlines standards for liver imaging studies assessing HCCThe American College of Radiology (ACR) created the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS) to standardize interpretation and reporting of liver imaging studies assessing risk for hepatocellular carcinoma…
- Liraglutide associated with lower incidence of death from CV causes in type 2 diabeticsPatients with type 2 diabetes who received liraglutide were observed to have a significantly lower incidence of the composite of death from cardiovascular causes, nonfatal MI, and nonfatal stroke, versus patients who…
- LRC-CPPT 1Cholestyramine and coronary heart diseaseIn the 1970s, observational data suggested a direct link between serum cholesterol levels and the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD).
- LUNG-RADS criteria increases positive predictive value for lung cancer detection in high-risk patientsThe American College of Radiology (ACR
- MADIT-CRTCardiac resynchronization therapy in heart failureIn patients with heart failure, reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, and prolonged QRS>130 ms, treatment with cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT), in addition to implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD)…
- Magnesium for the prevention of cerebral palsyAmong women with imminent preterm delivery, babies of women randomized to magnesium were less likely to be diagnosed with moderate or severe cerebral palsy.
- Magnetic resonance based preoperative evaluation for perianal fistulas superior to traditional clinical method and improve surgical outcomesPreoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) requiring no patient preparation has excellent concordance with surgical findings in perianal fistula and aids in surgical planning.
- Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography diagnoses bile duct obstruction with high sensitivity and specificityMagnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) diagnosed bile duct obstruction with high sensitivity and specificity when compared to invasive endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP).
- Medical management superior to stenting for stroke related to intracranial arterial stenosisThe risk of early stroke after angioplasty and stenting of intracranial atherosclerotic lesions was higher than expected, while the risk of stroke with aggressive medical therapy alone was lower than expected.
- Mixed vaccination with ChAdOx1-S followed by BNT162b2 induces a robust humoral immune responseLevels of antibodies against the trimeric spike protein and receptor-binding domain were 36- and 77-fold higher in the BNT162b2 group compared to control.
- MODIFY I and IIBezlotoxumab associated with lower recurrence of C. difficile infectionBezlotoxumab therapy associated with significantly lower rate of recurrent C. difficile infection compared to placebo.
- MR CLEANIntraarterial Treatment for Acute Ischemic StrokeIn this phase 3 randomized, controlled trial, intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke with usual care was associated with a significant improvement in functional independence versus usual care alone.
- MRI effective for the assessment of acute appendicitis in pregnancyIn pregnant patients with suspected acute appendicitis and equivocal abdominal ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) demonstrated high accuracy, sensitivity, and negative predictive value for acute appendicitis.
- MRI enhances diagnostic certainty of ovarian cancer following indeterminate ultrasoundIn women with an indeterminate ovarian mass on ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provided a significantly higher change in post-test probability compared to computed tomography (CT) or Doppler ultrasound.
- MRI offers an alternative to endoscopic assessment of disease activity and severity in ileocolonic Crohn’s diseaseMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) offers an effective alternative to endoscopy for quantifying disease severity in Crohn’s disease.
- MRI reveals lumbar intervertebral disk herniations are common in asymptomatic individualsMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the lumbar spine in individuals without back pain revealed that at least a single intervertebral disk bulge was prevalent in over half of those imaged, while over a quarter showed at…
- Nationwide vaccination campaign with BNT162b2 mRNA vaccine reports high immunogenicity across all age groupsThere was a vaccine efficacy of 97.2% against symptomatic COVID-19 infection in individuals at least 7 days after their second vaccine dose.
- Non-contrast CT sensitive and specific for kidney stonesAmong patients with acute flank pain, non-contrast computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis demonstrated a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 96% for the diagnosis of kidney stones.
- Novel coronavirus identified from patients with pneumonia in Wuhan, ChinaAccording to an investigation by a rapid response team, the Wuhan outbreak was most likely caused by a novel betacoronavirus.
- On-demand preexposure prophylaxis decreases HIV infection in high-risk menHIV-1 acquisition rates were significantly lower in men who used tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC) preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP).
- ONTTIntravenous steroids lead to faster visual recovery in optic neuritisIn patients with first presentation of optic neuritis, treatment with intravenous methylprednisolone followed by oral prednisone resulted in faster visual recovery when compared to placebo, though only a small benefit…
- OPTN and UNOS update policy regarding hepatocellular carcinomaAdministrators overseeing the national liver transplantation network approved new policy to standardize radiologic imaging criteria for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) to qualify for exemption points…
- ORACLEAntibiotics for preterm, prelabor rupture of membranesAmong infants born to women with preterm, premature rupture of membranes, those whose mothers were randomized to treatment with erythromycin experienced a lower incidence of adverse neonatal outcomes and prolongation of…
- Ottawa ankle rules reduce the rate of referral for ankle radiographyThe Ottawa ankle rules significantly reduced referral for ankle, but not foot, radiography in the emergency department.
- Ovarian cancer screening does not reduce mortalityRandomization of patients to either yearly ovarian cancer screening with transvaginal ultrasound (TVUS) and serum CA-125 levels or usual care did not significantly reduce cancer-related mortality.
- OVIVAOral versus intravenous antibiotics for bone and joint infectionThis randomized, controlled trial found that oral antibiotics were noninferior to intravenous antibiotics for treatment failure at 1 year when started within 6 weeks of complex orthopedic infections.
- PARADIGM-HFValsartan-neprilysin inhibitor vs. enalapril in patients with heart failureLCZ696, a combination of valsartan with a neprilysin inhibitor, significantly reduced the risk of death from cardiovascular causes and hospitalization due to heart failure when compared to enalapril.
- PARTNER 3TAVR with balloon-expandable valves has favorable post-surgical outcomes among low-risk patients with severe aortic stenosisPatients randomized to the TAVR group also had lower rates of new-onset atrial fibrillation and had shorter hospital stays.
- PECARN Prediction rules for children at a low risk of clinically-important traumatic brain injuryThe absence of 6 established predictors was found to have a near 100% negative predictive value (NPV) for clinically-important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI) when applied to head trauma patients under 18 years of age.
- Percutaneous ethanol injection safe and effective in hepatocellular carcinomaIn a large prospective cohort of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and contraindications to surgical management, the use of percutaneous ethanol injection (PEI) was associated with favorable survival outcomes…
- Percutaneous radiofrequency ablation effective in small, exophytic renal cell carcinomaPercutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) demonstrated high efficacy and safety in patients with exophytic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) tumors up to 5 cm.
- Periconceptional folic acid for prevention of neural tube defectsAmong women seeking pregnancy, those randomized to folic acid supplementation were significantly less likely to develop a fetus with a neural tube defect.
- PI-RADS version 2Standardized acquisition, interpretation, and reporting of prostate MRIA joint steering committee have revised the original Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) guidelines to form PI-RADS version 2 (v2), which improves the standardization of imaging acquisition and…
- PIOPED IICT sensitive and specific for pulmonary embolismMultidetector computed tomographic angiography (CTA) was highly sensitive and specific for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism (PE) when compared to a composite reference standard.
- POEToral antibiotics in stable endocarditis patients noninferior to intravenous treatmentPatients with left sided infective endocarditis who switched to oral antibiotics once stable had similar composite adverse event outcomes compared to patients treated with 6 weeks of intravenous antibiotics.
- POINTClopidogrel and Aspirin for Acute Ischemic StrokeIn this randomized, controlled trial, combination therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel resulted in a lower risk of major ischemic events at 90 days versus aspirin alone for patients with acute ischemic stroke or…
- POISE 2Aspirin increases risk of major bleeding after noncardiac surgeryAfter noncardiac surgeries, patients treated with aspirin had significantly increased risk of major bleeding compared to those taking placebo.
- Preterm infants benefit from delayed umbilical cord clampingPreterm infants randomized to delayed cord clamping for 30 seconds after birth required less cardiorespiratory intervention, less supplemental oxygen and fewer blood transfusions compared to controls.
- Radiofrequency thermal ablation superior to percutaneous ethanol injection in hepatocellular carcinomaIn patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) not eligible for surgical resection, the use of radiofrequency thermal ablation (RFA) demonstrated significantly higher local recurrence-free survival compared to…
- Rapid CT contrast washout differentiates adrenal adenomas from nonadenomasThe mean percentage of computed tomography (CT) contrast washout was significantly greater for adenomas compared to nonadenomas in all delayed scans.
- RAPTURERadiofrequency ablation effective and safe in lung cancerPercutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) demonstrated robust levels of efficacy and safety in patients with malignant lung cancers who are poor candidates for surgery.
- RE-ALIGNDabigatran vs. warfarin for mechanical heart valvesIn patients with mechanical heart valves, anticoagulation with dabigatran was associated with significantly higher rates of stroke and major bleeding when compared to warfarin.
- RE-VERSE ADIdarucizumab for the Reversal of Anticoagulation by DabigatranThis study determined that idarucizumab is effective in reversing anticoagulation by the direct thrombin inhibitor Dabigatran.
- RECIST 1.1Measuring tumor burden to assess response to therapyResponse to tumor therapy can be assessed by defined target lesions from a subset of measurable lesions.
- RECOVERYDexamethasone decreased mortality in hospitalized COVID-19 patientsPatients hospitalized with COVID-19 and treated with dexamethasone experienced lower 28-day mortality compared to those treated with usual care.
- REDUCE-ITCardiovascular Risk Reduction with Icosapent Ethyl for Hypertriglyceridemia
- REMATCHLeft ventricular assist devices reduce mortality in heart failureIn patients with end-stage heart failure on optimal medical therapy, treatment with a left ventricular assist device (LVAD) significantly reduced the risk of all-cause mortality when compared with medical therapy alone.
- Rivaroxaban noninferior to warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and bioprosthetic mitral valvesRivaroxaban was noninferior to warfarin for the composite of death, major cardiovascular events, or major bleeding at 12 months; superiority was not demonstrated.
- ROMICAT 1Coronary computed tomographic angiography highly sensitive for acute coronary syndrome in patients with acute chest painIn patients presenting with chest pain and a low to intermediate risk of acute coronary syndrome (ACS
- ROMICAT 2Coronary computed tomographic angiography shortens hospital stays for acute chest painIn patients presenting to the emergency department with acute chest pain, evaluation with computed tomographic coronary angiography (CTCA
- SALT-EDNormal Saline versus Balanced Crystalloids in Noncriticaly Ill AdultsThis trial found no difference in a composite measurement of in-hospital death and length of stay between normal saline and balanced crystalloids in noncritically ill adults.
- SCD-HeFTICD vs. amiodarone for congestive heart failureIn patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and reduced ejection fraction, mortality was significantly lower in patients who received an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) compared those who did not…
- SEPSISPAMMean arterial pressure targets in septic shockThis trial demonstrated that mortality did not differ with a mean arterial pressure (MAP) target of 80-85mmHg (36.6%) as compared to 65-70mmHg (34.0%) in septic shock patients.
- Sequencing of COVID-19Comparison to SARS and bat coronavirusThis cross-sectional study found that coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) shared 79.6% genome sequence identity with severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (SARS-CoV).
- SHIFTIvabradine in congestive heart failureIn patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) and baseline heart rate >70 bpm, ivabradine significantly reduced the risk of heart failure hospitalization and death from heart failure compared to placebo.
- SOMEScreening for occult malignancy in unprovoked venous thromboembolismPatients with a first unprovoked venous thromboembolism were randomized to either limited-screening for occult malignancy or limited-screening plus computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen and pelvis.
- SPAFWarfarin and aspirin reduce the risk of stroke in atrial fibrillationPatients with atrial fibrillation are at higher risk of ischemic stroke and systemic embolism.
- SPRINTIntensive vs. standard blood pressure controlIn patients with hypertension and elevated cardiovascular risk, treating to a target systolic blood pressure of 120 mmHg significantly reduced the risk of heart failure and cardiovascular mortality when compared with…
- Stereotactic body radiotherapy as a state of the art treatment option in inoperable non-small cell lung cancerStereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) achieved a 3 year local tumor control rate of 92% with limited toxicity, making SBRT a valuable treatment option in inoperable (and potentially even operable) patients
- The Harvey-Bradshaw Index is a practical alternative to the Crohn’s Disease Activity Index in measuring disease severityThe Crohn’s Disease Activity Index (CDAI) is accurate in quantifying disease severity in patients with Crohn’s disease, but is cumbersome in practice.
- The iPrEx trial: Preexposure prophylaxis reduces HIV transmission in men and transgender women who have sex with menIn human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-seronegative men and transgender women who have sex with men, preexposure prophylaxis with antiretrovirals significantly reduced the risk of HIV infection when compared with placebo.
- The Magpie trial: Magnesium lowers eclampsia riskWomen with pre-eclampsia randomized to magnesium experienced a greater than 50% reduction in eclampsia compared to women on placebo.
- The Milan Criteria: Liver transplantation is effective for treating cirrhotic patients with unrespectable hepatocellular carcinomasPatients with cirrhosis and unresectable hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), either 1 tumor less than 5 cm or no more than 3 tumors less than 3 cm (Milan Criteria), who received orthotopic liver transplants (OLTs) had a…
- Third dose of BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine effective at decreasing risk of hospitalizationCompared to two doses of the BNT162b2 vaccine, a third booster dose was estimated to be 93% effective against admission to hospital due to COVID-19 infection.
- Thrombolysis harmful in acute ischemic strokes with large area of parenchymal hypoattenuationParenchymal hypoattenuation of greater than 33% of the middle cerebral artery (MCA
- TNTIntensive statin therapy in coronary heart diseaseIn patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD), high-dose atorvastatin significantly reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events when compared to low-dose.
- Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt effective in preventing recurrent variceal hemorrhageIn patients with recurrent variceal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension, the use of transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (TIPS) demonstrated high efficacy in preventing variceal re-bleeds.
- TRAPSRivaroxaban vs. Warfarin for Secondary Prevention in Antiphospholipid SyndromeThis study was halted prematurely due to an excess of thromboembolic and bleeding events in patients treated with rivaroxaban compared to warfarin.
- Ultrasound sensitive for appendicitis, improves outcomesAmong patients with signs and symptoms consistent with acute appendicitis (AA), ultrasound demonstrated a sensitivity and specificity of 80% and 100%, respectively.
- Uterine artery embolization effective for uterine fibroidsBilateral uterine artery embolization (UAE) was associated with high clinical efficacy in patients with uterine fibroids.
- V-HeFT IIEnalapril reduces mortality in heart failure when compared to hydralazine and isosorbideIn patients with heart failure, patients treated with enalapril experienced significantly lower mortality at 2-years compared to patients on hydralazine and isosorbide dinitrate.
- VALENCESofosbuvir–ribavirin for hepatitis CThis trial demonstrated that in patients with hepatitis C virus (HCV) rates of virologic response were high in those who received sofosbuvir–ribavirin (93%) as compared to placebo (85%) 12 weeks post-treatment.
- VALIANTValsartan vs. captopril in patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failureIn patients with acute myocardial infarction and heart failure/evidence of left ventricular dysfunction, patients treated with valsartan and captopril experienced similar all-cause mortality.
- VASSTVasopressin versus Norepinephrine Infusion in Patients with Septic Shock
- VICTORIAVericiguat in heart failure with reduced ejection fractionThis study found that patients with chronic heart failure and reduced ejection fraction who received vericiguat had lower rates of composite cardiovascular death and first hospitalization for heart failure (35.5%)…
- Visualization of noncystic masses on transvaginal ultrasound sensitive and specific for ectopic pregnancySonographic demonstration of any non-cystic adnexal mass is both sensitive and specific for in the diagnosis of ectopic pregnancy (EP) by transvaginal ultrasonography (TVUS).
- Voriconazole superior to amphotericin B for invasive aspergillosisIn immunocompromised patients with invasive aspergillosis, treatment with voriconazole was found to be superior to amphotericin B in achieving successful outcomes.
- Weekly semaglutide effective for decreasing body weight in obesityOnce-weekly treatment of semaglutide was associated with meaningful body weight reduction at 68 weeks compared to placebo in patients with obesity.
- WOESTDouble vs. triple therapy in patients requiring PCI and anticoagulationIn patients requiring percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and long-term oral anticoagulation, treating with clopidogrel alone (i.e., double therapy) significantly reduced the risk of bleeding when compared to a…
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2MM+ Reading lists are part of 2MM+
Save landmark trials for rounds, journal club and boards, and find them again on any device.
2MM+ The Classics in full with 2MM+
Every Classics summary in full, the timeline of trials since each one, and reading lists you can take to rounds and journal club.
How to use a landmark trial at the point of care
Start with the clinical question and the patients enrolled: a trial only answers for people like the ones it studied. Then read the primary outcome, the size of the effect and the absolute difference. A relative risk reduction sounds the same whether the baseline risk is 2% or 20%; the absolute difference and the number needed to treat tell you what it means for the patient in front of you.
Finally, check what came after. Many landmark trials were refined, extended or overturned by the trials that followed, and current guidelines reflect the whole body of evidence.
About The Classics
The Classics Series by 2 Minute Medicine summarizes the trials and studies that shaped modern practice, written and reviewed by physicians since 2012. Each summary gives the study rundown, the design and results in depth, and a link to the original paper. 2MM+ members read every summary in full.
Questions about The Classics
What is a landmark trial?
A study whose results changed how clinicians diagnose or treat a condition, usually a large randomized trial published in a major journal and cited for years afterwards.
How are trials chosen for The Classics?
Physician editors pick trials that changed practice or guidelines, are cited widely, or come up often on rounds, in journal clubs and on board examinations.
What does NNT mean?
The number needed to treat: how many patients would need the treatment for one more of them to avoid the outcome over the trial's follow-up. It is 1 divided by the absolute risk difference. NNH is the same figure for a harm.
Are the summaries free?
The Trial Finder and each trial's key findings are free. 2MM+ members read every Classics summary in full, see the timeline of trials since each one and save reading lists.
Can I cite a Classics summary?
Cite the original paper, which each trial page links. Our summaries help you find and understand the evidence; they are not a substitute for the paper or for clinical judgement.
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